![]() This means that they are in transition towards globalization , but that they are highly industrialized cities, with a large population and a significant state or national presence. Without becoming Alpha, cities like São Paulo have great importance.īeta cities, according to the GaWC study, are those that do not yet accumulate the critical mass to rise as axes of regional or international influence in the midst of the globalized panorama. However, they are not negligible in an evaluation of it. This last study was repeated in 2004 , at the same institution, with similar results, and again in 2008, making its results even more specific by dividing each category (alpha, beta, gamma) into three subgroups: Alpha ++, Alpha + and Alpha (and so on). This study was done again in 20. ![]() In addition, it drew up a list of potential world cities (3 points) , cities with medium potential for it (2 points) and cities with low potential (1 point). The much better-known GaWC study (1999) from Loughborough University used its own methodology that defined the criteria for considering a city worldwide. Their results were classified into three types of cities: With these data, he developed a ranking of the 65 cities that could be considered global. In 2010 this study was updated and called “The Global City Index”. There are various studies on the subject, each with its own scale. For example, the study “Foreign Policy” (2008) , carried out by the magazine of the same name, evaluated the main cities of the world based on five specific areas: In this sense, they are the urban spearhead of the new millennium : the most complex innovation processes , the scientific-technological summits, take place there. They are the ones that invest the most in university research and that concentrate the most transnational capital. Global cities are the ones that best enter the panorama of globalization . They are integrated into the world dynamics of economic exchange, cultural and demographic flow and new technologies . The most complex innovation processes take place in global cities. On the other hand, after the attacks in Asia , Africa , Europe and the United States, paranoia has been unleashed about the possible omnipresence of terrorists . This places global cities under constant international threat and, therefore, under constant surveillance and supervision. Globalization has a double effect on the communities exposed to it . On the one hand, it promotes a capitalist cosmopolitanism based on consumption and multilateral business models. But it also motivates a return to the values of nationalism , ethnicism, xenophobia and fascism . The main challenges for global cities have to do with reconciling local and global pressures . In them, the cosmopolitan, fast and delocalized world of telecommunications and global finance confront each other with the more domestic, traditional and indigenous world of the local. They have positive immigration rates (inside and outside the country) and tend to host citizens of very different cultures and origins.They actively participate in the world economic flow and constitute financial hubs in their respective regions.They have an advanced telecommunications infrastructure, as well as a vast, complex and unique cultural environment, which gives them their own personality .They are connected by an airport to the main commercial air routes of the world. In addition, they have complex internal systems of massive ground transportation.They have tourist importance and are the usual venue for renowned international events (such as the Soccer World Cup, or the Olympics ).They occupy large territorial extensions that are densely populated (conurbation).The typical features of a global city are: Global cities possess a vast, complex and unique cultural environment. However, it is the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom that is the main promoter of the term, which should not be confused with that of “Global Village” . In it he refers to London, Tokyo, Paris and New York , as opposed to the term “megacities”. The concept of “global city” was coined by the sociologist Saskia Sassen in her book The Global City (1991). ![]() In short, they are relevant cities for the world order , that is to say, model cities of contemporary global capitalism . These types of cities are contemporary equivalents to the city-states of antiquity . In fact, many of them have political and administrative autonomy, or even their own Constitution that determines their laws . Global cities are generally cities of international importance and renown . They occupy an extensive urban platform (and therefore with a huge population ) and play an active role in the economic, social and technological flow in their region, or even on the planet .
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